European Food Safety Authority - risk communication annual review

This research report was commissioned by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to provide an independent review of the Authority's risk communication activities in relation to the safety of food in four cases: GMOs; BSE in goats; mercury in wild and farmed fish; and semicarbazide in baby food. The review first outlines the historical context to communicating food risks in Europe before setting out three fundamental principles for effectively communicating risk. These principles concern: creating appropriate risk communication channels; the credibility of communications; and the efficient delivery of decision relevant information. These principles are used to develop normative criteria against which to evaluate EFSA's risk communications for each of the four cases. The review concludes by providing a number of key recommendations to help EFSA further improve and professionalize the Authority's risk communication activities

The changing nature of communication and regulation of risk in Europe

The regulation and communication of risk has changed significantly over the past 20 years or so, partially as a result of a number of regulatory scandals in Europe and elsewhere (Lofstedt 2004: Majone and Everson 2001; Sunstein 2005), which have led to public distrust of regulators and policy makers. This increase in public distrust has resulted in a phasing-out of consensual-style regulation, and the emergence of a newer model of regulation based on variables including public participation, transparency, and increasingly powerful non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This paper discusses some of the consequences of adopting this new model of regulation through a series of case studies

Fearsquare: hacking open crime data to critique, jam and subvert the 'aesthetic of danger'

We present a critical evaluation of a locative media application, Fearsquare, which provocatively invites users to engage with personally contextualized risk information drawn from the UK open data crime maps cross-referenced with geo-located user check-ins on Foursquare. Our analysis of user data and a corpus of #Fearsquare discourse on Twitter revealed three cogent appraisals ('Affect', 'Technical' and 'Critical') reflecting the salient associations and aesthetics that were made between different components of the application and interwoven issues of technology, risk, danger, emotion by users. We discuss how the varying strength and cogency of these public responses to Fearsquare call for a broader imagining and analysis of how risk and danger are interpreted; and conclude how our findings reveal important challenges for researchers and designers wishing to engage in projects that involve the computer-mediated communication of risk

How dangerous is your life? Personalising Government open crime data

This paper discusses the use of Government Open Data and how public services based on this data can and should encourage data personalisation. We present our case study Fearsquare, an application that allows people to interact with public UK crime statistics in a way that is specific to their own, individual, everyday life by leveraging the popular social media service FourSquare. This service is used as an example of how Open Data can be tailored for used in the field of personal informatics. Results suggest that the ability to personalise Government Open Crime Data using Foursquare user location history data provides an added value to an already publically available dataset

Recalibrating pandemic risk leadership: Thirteen crisis ready strategies for COVID-19

Good leadership is widely regarded as a crucial component of risk and crisis management and remains an enduring theme of more than 40 years of inquiry into emergencies, disasters, and controversies. Today, the question of good leadership has come under the spotlight again as a key factor shaping how successfully nations have dealt with the COVID-19 global health crisis. Amidst plummeting levels of public trust, the worst recession of the G7, and the highest death toll in Europe, the UK’s pandemic leadership response has faced especially stern accusations of incompetence and culpability for what has been described as the most catastrophic science policy failure for a generation. Addressing these issues, this paper argues for the adoption of a more pluralised UK leadership approach for handling COVID-19. Particularly, it is contended that as COVID-19 is a multifaceted problem that presents many varied and distributed challenges, UK leadership should employ a differentiated range of strategic mechanisms and processes to help improve substantive understandings and decision-making, support collective resilience, and build adaptive capacities as the crisis continues. The paper accordingly identifies and elaborates thirteen strategies, drawing on lessons and insights from the risk and crisis management field, that are proposed to serve as a useful heuristic to help guide UK pandemic leadership in this endeavour. To illustrate the value and application of each strategy, examples are provided of noteworthy leadership responses to COVID-19 observed internationally thus far, as well as leadership problems that have hampered the UK’s pandemic response. In conclusion, it is suggested that in as far as the conduct expected of leaders during a pandemic, or any other crisis, should maintain and be reflective of democratic values and standards of legitimacy, these strategies may also provide broadly applicable normative criteria against which leadership performance in handling COVID-19 may be judged as crisis ready

Communicating risk under high uncertainty: developing cross-disciplinary knowledge

The primary purpose of this Special Issue is to coalesce different perspectives on the theme of ‘Communicating Risk Under High Uncertainty’ from across a range of subject areas. These areas include environmental studies, international relations, engineering, sociology, psychology, media studies, the health sciences, criminology and anthropology. By bringing different perspectives together, we anticipate that commonalities and points of concurrence will help to identify cross-disciplinary synergies and provide opportunities to explore the potential for a more holistic understanding of risk communication in the academy and beyond

Differentiating ‘the user’ in DSR: Developing demand side response in advanced economies

This paper reports on the current state of Demand Side Response (DSR) in the UK – an early adoptor amongst advanced economies – and the role of the end user in determining its future. Through 21 expert interviews we establish the current state of DSR, and expectations for its development. Whilst non-domestic DSR appears healthy, if fragile, domestic DSR is considered to be currently unviable, it's future success dependant on market innovations. In following how that situation is expected to change, we highlight key assumptions about prospective end users. These assumptions are shaping the efforts of the industry actors tasked with delivering DSR. We identify two visions of the user, one passive whilst technologies automate on their behalf, the other integrated to the point of themselves being an automaton. We detail a series of concerns about the limitations of these user visions, and the ability of industry to reach beyond them towards a more differentiated view. We conclude with a call to broaden the institutional landscape tasked with delivering DSR, in order to foster a greater diversity of end user roles, and ultimately greater demand responsiveness from a broader user base

State of the art transparency: lessons from Europe and North America

This Special Issue of the Journal of Risk Research was initiated to increase the evidence base supporting critical understanding of the use and impacts of transparency as a policy tool in risk management and regulation in Europe and North America. The lead research articles and perspectives were initially presented at a two-day workshop supported by the Journal of Risk Research and its publisher Taylor and Francis, which took place in Lavandou, Provence, 19th - 20th June 2014. In this editorial we introduce the motivations for the special issue and offer a brief summary of the contribution of each article highlighting key intersections and points of concurrenc

Dumber energy at home please: Perceptions of Smart Energy Technologies are dependent on home, workplace, or policy context in the United Kingdom

Smart energy technologies (SETs) are being developed around the world to support using energy more efficiently and to smooth our consumption over time, helping us to meet our carbon reduction targets. Notably, SETs will only be effective with support and engagement from the public. Previous literature has focused on evaluating SETs within a residential context, however, results here may differ from a workplace or policy context. We note that surrogate decision making (SDM [1]) theory indicates we make decisions differently for others than for the self. Study one (N = 213) comprises a survey using a UK population sample that examines public perceptions and support for SETs in different contexts. Study two (N = 12) utilises interviews to explore perceptions in more depth, probing the nature of support using socio-cognitive constructs relating to SDM. We find that people are more likely to support SETs in a workplace or policy context, compared to residential contexts. In addition, we note that support for SETs is related to different socio-cognitive constructs in different contexts, and also that impulsivity of decision making differs across contexts. Decision making within workplace and policy contexts is characterised by higher levels of impulsivity than in a residential context, as well as a sense of shared responsibility. Our results indicate that translational research is needed when considering evidence based on residential studies in making decisions within workplace and policy contexts